PEIRCE, THE MYSTERY PHILOSOPHER.
PEIRCE LE PHILOSOPHE-MYSTÈRE.
PEIRCE,EL FILÓSOFO MISTERIOSO.

When I was " active ", I saw my retirement as reading the books of my giants, including the most mysterious philosopher of all times. Sorry Peirce, retirement is rapidly more busy than a departure to the moon. But in your honour, I'll try three things at a time:

1/ lazily using a perfect text of another giant,
2/ showing that the true philosopher is a perfect professor and that professors of philosophy, made in Sorbonne, are nothing.
3/ adding some commentaryfrom other planets, management, religion...

1/ Copy of Popper, " Indeterminism and Human Freedom", (1965):

"Newton's theory was the first really successful scientific theory in human theory; and it was tremendously successful. Here was real knowledge; knowledge beyond the wildest dreams or even the boldest minds. Here was a theory which explained precisely not only the movements of all the stars in their course, but also, just as precisely, the movements of bodies on earth, such as falling apples, or projectiles, or pendulum clocks. And it even explained the tides.
"All open-minded men - all those that were eager to learn, and who took an interest in the growth of knowledge - were converted to the new theory. Most open-minded men, and especially most scientists, thought that in the end it would explain everything, including not only electricity and magnetism, but also clouds, and even living organisms. Thus physical determinism - the doctrine that all clouds are clocks - became the ruling faith among enlightened men; and everybody who did not embrace this new faith was held to be an obscurantists or a reactionary...
"Among the few dissenters was Charles Sanders Peirce, the great American mathematician and physicist and, I believe, one of the greatest philosophers of all time.He did not question Newton's theory; yet as early as 1892 he showed that this theory, even if true, does not give us any valid reason to believe that clouds are perfect clocks. He believed that the world was a clock that worked according to Newtonian laws, he rejected the belief this clock, or any other, was perfect, down to the smallest detail....
"From this Peirce concluded that we are free to conjecture that there was a certain looseness or imperfection in the clocks... The world was ruled by the strict Newtonian laws, and at the same time by rules of chance, by laws of statistical probability... So far as I know, Peirce was the first post-Newtonian physicist and philosopher who thus dared to adopt the view that to some degree all clouds are clocks; that clouds are of very different degrees of cloudiness...
"The views of Peirce were received with little interest... Now the tables were turned. Indeterminism, which up to 1927, had been equated with obscurantism, became the ruling fashion; and some great scientists, such as Max Planck, Schrodinger, and Einstein, who hesitated to abandon determinism, were considered old fogies... Between 1925 and 1927, a deluge had swept Einstein away, the new quantum theory, and at most seven people had made contributions comparable to those of Einstein...

2/ show that the true philosopher is a perfect professor:

Once more, starting from Newton, we end with Einstein and after.
Who could write this text? Popper only, (in France, maybe Bachelard bivalent). He was not only a great philosopher, a good mathematician and as useful, a good musician and a joiner. He was therefore as clever with his hands as Newton.
In my opinion, the greatest philosophical moment of this century happened around Einstein. Scientists invented the bomb around a tea-pot. Einstein was excluded. Had he excluded Newton?
What does Popper bring in this business? a correct comment for non-scientifics like us. Not so easy if we count the philosophers able of such a feat.

Now, is it possible to be a philosopher without a minimum scientific formation? Jaspers was the last to demand it. Therefore, the Sorbonne invented " Human Sciences "!
This solution produced philopeddlars, shitosophers, theosophers, phi-lawers...
By the way, the national anthem welcoming you on my WEB? 'La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin', (Debussy). I broke my nose on the double G-flats.

3/ add some commentary from other planets, management, religion...

It is difficult to imagine man determined like tides. Are we robots? Many people, some scientists included, claimed some liberty in psychology, religion... I add management which is based on decision.
But I think the problem is false. Nature advances through changes of nature. When I reach a speed of 20 pictures in a second, there is a change, imprevisible.
Nature, (or True God?) prepares situations, by random. If they appear problems for us, we have to solve them. This gives a good definition of intelligence, (if you attain the 4th noodigme): " ability to take a picture of a situation and to bring the solution... "
Therefore, the scientist is wrong when he thinks that his solution are universal:

" The only problem which is worth discussing seriously is exactly the problem that arises from a physical theory which describes the world as a physically complete or a physically closed system. " (Popper).

Distinguishing true problems, (world of complexity), from artificial ones, (world of complications), could be a good job for a true philosopher.
I've not finished with Peirce. He's said to have provided the maths necessary to Darwinism. I stopped on 'satistics', but reach the idea that the 'smell' of great bankers and great bosses, was just 'statistics inside' like an accountant is 'arithmetic inside'.
I would also like to know the role of Wright, the teacher of Peirce,  that was for Darwin a kind of Locke for Newton or of Popper for Einstein.